FAVORABLE VARIANCE is a variance created by using or spending less of a given resource than specified by the standard, often categorized as rate (spending less per hour for labor for a given amount of production), efficiency (using less hours for a given amount of production), usage (using less materials for a given amount of production) or price (paying less to a vendor for a given purchased item).
ABSORPTION COSTING is the method under which all manufacturing costs, both variable and fixed, are treated as product costs with non-manufacturing costs, e.g. selling and administrative expenses, being treated as period costs.
GROSS SURPLUS RATIO measures the margin on each dollar of operating revenue for the entity in question. The operating results before interest and depreciation, or gross surplus, are calculated as a percentage of total operating revenue. The gross surplus ratio shows the gross surplus as a percentage of the entitys turnover. If the percentage is high this could be interpreted as a sign that the entity is operating efficiently.
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