TOP-DOWN APPROACH TO INVESTING Definition

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TOP-DOWN APPROACH TO INVESTING is an investment approach that first seeks to define major economic and industry trends, then proceeds to identify the individual companies most likely to benefit from those trends. See BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO INVESTING.

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DIVIDEND YIELD RATIO allows investors to compare the latest dividend they received with the current market value of the share as an indictor of the return they are earning on their shares. The formula for the dividend yield is: Dividend yield = Latest annual dividends / Current market share price.

OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS is the purchases and sales of gov­ernment and certain other securities in the open market by the New York Federal Reserve Bank as directed by the Federal Reserve in order to influence the volume of money and credit in the economy. Purchases inject reserves into the depository system and foster expansion in money and credit; sales have the opposite effect. Open market operations are the Federal Reserve's most impor­tant and most flexible monetary policy tool. They are used to promote higher or lower growth in money and credit, and to offset undesirable changes in the reserve positions of depository institutions stemming from movements in currency, float, Treasury deposits and other factors.

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