VERTICAL INTEGRATION Definition

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VERTICAL INTEGRATION is the extent to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. Control upstream is referred to as backward integration (towards suppliers of raw material), while control of activities downstream (towards the eventual buyer) is referred to as forward integration.

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INTEGRATED LEDGER see ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING.

ARBITRAGEUR is traditionally someone who indulges in arbitrage of any sort; now a Wall Street term for a professional investor who specializes in issues during takeovers.

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