ACCOUNTING EQUATION Definition

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ACCOUNTING EQUATION is a mathematical expression used to describe the relationship between the assets, liabilities and owners equity of the business model. The basic accounting equation states that assets equal liabilities and owners equity, but can be modified by operations applied to both sides of the equation, e.g., assets minus liabilities equal owners equity.

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ACA is Accreditation Council for Accountancy.

NET PROFIT MARGIN (NPM Pre-Tax) incorporates all of the expenses associated with ordinary business (excluding taxes) thus is a measure of the overall operating efficiency of the firm prior to any tax considerations which may mask performance. For a business to be viable in the long term profits must be generated; making the net profit margin ratio one of the key performance indicators for any business. It is important to analyze the ratio over time. A variation in the ratio from year-to-year may be due to abnormal conditions or expenses which need to be addressed. A decline in the ratio over time may indicate a margin squeeze suggesting that productivity improvements may need to be initiated. In some cases, the costs of such improvements may lead to a further drop in the ratio or even losses before increased profitability is achieved. Formula: Net Earnings / Net Revenue

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