ALPHA is the measurement of returns from an investment in excess of market returns. It represents the amount expected from fundamental causes, e.g. the growth rate in earnings per share. This contrasts with BETA, which is a measure of risk or volatility.
FREIGHT OUT is the handling, packaging, and shipping costs of product; normally considered a selling cost.
ESTIMATION SAMPLING is sampling to estimate the actual value of a population characteristic within a range of tolerable misstatement.
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