AVAL Definition

AVAL is a term meaning inseparable from the financial instrument. This gives a guarantee and is abstracted from the performance of the underlying trade contract: Article 31 of the 1930 Geneva Convention of the Bills Of Exchange states that the aval can be written on the bill itself or on an allonge. US Banks are prohibited from avalizing drafts.

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TOP DOWN is a concept of analyzing a subject, such as costs or revenue, starting from the highest level working towards the bottom.

TAX EFFECT METHOD is where, irrespective of when is a tax payable, its effect should be recognized in the year in which the relevant income has been recorded.

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