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BANKER'S ACCEPTANCE (BA) is a money market instrument that is issued in discounted form. A banker's acceptance is created when a bank accepts responsibility for payment of business debt by signing a letter of credit. Banker's acceptances are sold to acceptance dealers and may be resold to numerous other parties before the loan is repaid. The investor who last owns the acceptance when the debt becomes due has a right to collect from the borrower. Should the borrower default, the investor can also pursue payment from the accepting bank.
EXPECTATION GAP, in accounting, is the gap between an auditors actual standard of performance and the more rigorous public expectation of what an auditors performance should be. The users of financial statements should be allowed to expect that the auditors materiality levels correspond with their own. If this is not the case an expectation gap will arise. Especially if the financial statements contain non-corrected known errors or omissions classified as immaterial by the auditor, but classified as material by the users. The unknown material errors and omissions are still a part of the audit risk.
NORMATIVE ACCOUNTING THEORY is where theorists tend to advocate their opinions on accounting based upon subjective opinion, deductive logic, and inductive methods. In the final analysis, nearly all standards are based upon normative theory. Generally conclude that some accounting rule is better or worse than its alternatives. Normative theorists tend to rely heavily upon anecdotal evidence (e.g., examples of fraud) that generally fails to meet tests of academic rigor. For example, the Wizard reported that Montgomery Ward would fail. However, the Wizard always reports that every company will fail or lose its self identity in a pattern of acquisitions and mergers. Eventually, he will always be correct.
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