CENTRAL BANK is the major regulatory bank in a country, usually government controlled. The UK central bank is the Bank of England; Germany's is the Bundesbank; in the U.S. it is the Federal Reserve System.
DERIVATIVE is a transaction or contract whose value depends on or, as the name implies, derives from the value of underlying assets such as stock, bonds, mortgages, market indices, or foreign currencies. One party with exposure to unwanted risk can pass some or all of the risk to a second party. The first party can assume a different risk from a second party, pay the second party to assume the risk, or, as is often the case, create a combination. Derivatives are normally used to control exposure or risk. See DERIVATIVE CONTRACT.
CASTING, in accounting, is the summing of a column of figures.
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