CIF (COST, INSURANCE AND FREIGHT) is a shipment where all shipping costs are paid by the exporter, including insurance.
JOINT STOCK COMPANY is a company that has some features of a corporation and some features of a partnership. This type of company has access to the liquidity and financial reserves of stock markets as a corporation, however, as in a partnership; the stockholders are liable for company debts and have additional restrictions of a partnership.
SUBSTANTIVE is reality, real rather than apparent, as seen by an unbiased observer and not just the official view of management.
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