CURRENCY MEASUREMENT is part of determining the "functional currency" that mainly influences sales prices for goods / services. It will often be the currency in which denominated and settled: a. of country whose competitive forces and regulations mainly determine sales prices for goods / services; b. that mainly influences labor, material and other costs of providing goods / services; or, as stated, c. will often be the currency in which transactions are denominated and settled.
DISCRETIONARY ACCRUAL is a non-mandatory expense/asset that is recorded within the accounting system that has yet to be realized. An example of this would be management bonus.
FIRM QUOTATION is the requirement that a Market Maker execute an order from another broker/dealer at its displayed price for the normal unit of trading, or for its displayed size, whichever is greater.
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