DIRECT MATERIAL Definition

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DIRECT MATERIAL is the cost of raw materials and components that can easily and economically be identified either with individual units of production or with a responsibility center.

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DIVIDEND CAPITALIZATION: Since most closely held companies do not pay dividends, when using dividend capitalization valuators must first determine dividend paying capacity of a business. Dividend paying capacity based on average net income and on average cash flow are used. To determine dividend paying capacity, near term capital needs, expansion plans, debt repayment, operation cushion, contractual requirements, past dividend paying history of a business and dividends of a comparable company should be investigated. After analyzing these factors, percent of average net income and of average cash flow that can be used for the payment of dividends can be estimated. What also must be determined is the dividend yield, which can best be determined by analyzing comparable companies. As with the price earnings ratio method, this usually produces a subjective result.

YEAR-END is the end of an accounting period; usually a calendar year, but may be a fiscal year. Books are closed at year-end.

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