FUNDAMENTALS are factors which are 'fundamental' to the working of a company's business, its profitability, operating costs, product prices, technical innovations, etc. Company analysis taking into account these fundamental factors facilitates share valuation. See FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS.
BY-PRODUCTS are incidental products resulting from the processing of another product.
CIRCA means about or approximately. It is used before a year, e.g. circa 2008.
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