INCOME SMOOTHING refers to measures taken to reduce the probability of income shocks before they occur, and includes strategies like diversifying income sources; making low-risk production and employment choices; building up physical, human, and social assets; and ensuring good financial management.
OUT-OF-P0CKET are expenses requiring an outlay of cash in a given time period, e.g., payroll, advertising and other operating expenses, but not depreciation.
IDB is Industrial Development Board.
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