JOINT RETURN is a US income tax filing status that can be used by a married couple. The married couple must be married as of the last day of their tax year in order to qualify for this filing status. A married couple can also elect to file as married, filing separate returns.
STANDARD COSTING is a control method involving the preparation of detailed cost and sales budgets. Such budgets are then compared with the actual results for a specific account period and any significant variances between the actual and the budgeted results are investigated. Unexpected trends are corrected if they are not acceptable or they cannot be accommodated.
WHITE COLLAR CRIME is a number of miscellaneous nonviolent crimes lumped together as white collar crimes. There is no fixed definition of white collar crime, although it usually includes bribery, embezzlement, fraud, forgery, and violations of trust committed by corporations or individuals engaged in commerce. Historically, in the U.S. many white collar crimes have received lenient punishment from a criminal justice system that considered white collar crimes to be less serious than more violent crimes. Today, the trend is for stricter punishment of white collar crimes in recognition of the financial damage they inflict on society.
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