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NET PROFIT MARGIN (NPM Pre-Tax) incorporates all of the expenses associated with ordinary business (excluding taxes) thus is a measure of the overall operating efficiency of the firm prior to any tax considerations which may mask performance. For a business to be viable in the long term profits must be generated; making the net profit margin ratio one of the key performance indicators for any business. It is important to analyze the ratio over time. A variation in the ratio from year-to-year may be due to abnormal conditions or expenses which need to be addressed. A decline in the ratio over time may indicate a margin squeeze suggesting that productivity improvements may need to be initiated. In some cases, the costs of such improvements may lead to a further drop in the ratio or even losses before increased profitability is achieved. Formula: Net Earnings / Net Revenue
PRICE EARNINGS MULTIPLE: The price-earnings ratio (P/E) is simply the price of a companys share of common stock in the public market divided by its earnings per share. Multiply this multiple by the net income and you will have a value for the business. If the business has no income, there is no valuation. If the common stock in not publicly traded, valuation of the stock is purely subjective. This may not be the best method, but can provide a benchmark valuation.
HYPOTHESIS is a proposition about cause and effect relationships. A hypothesis involves anticipating an effect, and a means of observing whether the anticipation is correct. A company’s strategy is based on a hypothesis – “If we do A, then B will result.” For example, a strategy map for a Balanced Scorecard explains the hypothesis behind an organization’s strategy.
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