PISCAN DOCUMENT Definition

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PISCAN DOCUMENT, a precursor of double entry bookkeeping, dates from the early 12th century. Records indicate that primitive bookkeeping with sequential transactions using Roman numerals was presented in paragraph form. Some of the record fragments are from an unknown Florentine banking firm dated from 1211. It was not yet double entry bookkeeping, but advancing in that direction. Other fragments include the Castra Gualfred and the Borghesia Company from 1259-67; Gentile de Sassetti and Sons, 1274-1310; and Bene Bencivenni, 1277-96. The most complete records are from Rinieri Fini & Brothers, 1296-1305, and Giovanni Farolfi & Co., 1299-1300.

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PREREFUNDING is the the issuing of new securities to refund an outstanding security. Proceeds from the new securities are used to buy instruments, usually U.S. Treasuries, to be held in escrow for the purpose of retiring bonds or preferred stock.

FRAUD is intentional deception resulting in injury to another person or entity

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