S&P 500 see STANDARD AND POORS.
PAR VALUE is a. the maturity value or face value, i.e., the amount that an issuer agrees to pay at the maturity date; b. the official exchange rate between two countries currencies; or, c. the value of a security that is set by the company issuing it; unrelated to market value.
JOINT RETURN is a US income tax filing status that can be used by a married couple. The married couple must be married as of the last day of their tax year in order to qualify for this filing status. A married couple can also elect to file as married, filing separate returns.
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