TOBIN RATIO see MARKET TO BOOK VALUE.
RETURN ON INVESTED CAPITAL (ROIC) is a measure of how effectively a company uses the money (owned or borrowed) invested in its company operations. It is calculated by: net income after taxes / (total assets less excess cash minus non-interest-bearing liabilities).
ENGINEERED COSTS are those costs having a clear linkage to output, e.g., direct materials costs.
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