IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT Definition

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IRREVOCABLE LETTER OF CREDIT is a letter of credit in which the specified payment is guaranteed by the issuing bank if all terms and conditions are met by the drawee. It is as good as the issuing bank.

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ABNORMAL SPOILAGE is spoilage that is not part of everyday operations. It occurs for reasons such as the following: out-of-control manufacturing processes, unusual machine breakdowns, and unexpected electrical outages that result in a number of spoiled units. Some abnormal spoilage is considered avoidable; that is, if managers monitor processes and maintain machinery appropriately, little spoilage will occur. To highlight these types of problems so that they can be monitored, abnormal spoilage is recorded in a Loss from Abnormal Spoilage Account in the general ledger and is not included in the job costing inventory accounts (work in process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold).

BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO INVESTING is an investment approach that first seeks individual companies with attrac­tive investment potential, then proceeds to a considera­tion of the larger economic and industry trends affecting those companies. See TOP-DOWN APPROACH TO INVESTING.

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